Kind of pattern selection using the Colorize feature

Subpath

@monsterfox , @VectorStyler
.
.
You can't simply create a color palette and color
your shapes with it.

There is a little more to do then this

Either
You need to determine the object order and adjust the
colors in your palette to that order.

Or create the objects of your Design according to a specific system/order
so that the order in which the objects are created are always the same.

In addition, the number of shapes in the design must match
the number of colors in the color palette.

The Shape Builder trick can only be used to a limited extent here,
and only with objects that don't overlap.

Here is a video where I created a color palette according to
the selection order of your design.